Doc Moates Wiki - User contributions [en]

Zyvox

2026-06-17T14:06:59Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Linezolid]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zyrtec

2026-06-17T14:06:59Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Antihistamines]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zyprexa

2026-06-17T14:06:59Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Quetiapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole, and lurasidone]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zyban

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Bupropion]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zosyn

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Penicillins]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zolpidem

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Zolpidem''' (brand name Ambien) — Sedative-hypnotic; Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic (controlled C-IV).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Sedative-hypnotic.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic (controlled C-IV).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Selective GABA-A action promoting sleep with less daytime effect.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Rapid onset; short duration; CR form for sleep maintenance.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Half-life about 2.5 hours; level not routine.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Short-term insomnia.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' PO or SL at bedtime; lower dose for women and elderly.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Lower starting dose in women and elderly; reduce in hepatic impairment.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Hypersensitivity; caution with sleep apnea and depression.
* '''Black box warning:''' Complex sleep behaviors (sleep-driving, sleep-eating, and other activities while not fully awake) can cause serious injury or death; discontinue if these occur.
* '''Interactions:''' CNS depressants and alcohol, CYP3A4 inhibitors.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Use only if clearly needed.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Drowsiness, dizziness, headache, next-day grogginess.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Complex sleep behaviors, severe allergic reactions, memory problems.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Flumazenil; supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Sleep pattern, fall risk, alcohol use.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Take immediately before bed with time for 7 to 8 hours of sleep; safety precautions.
* '''Monitor:''' Sleep quality, next-day function, any sleep behaviors.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Improved sleep without harmful behaviors.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Take right before bed; do not drive if not fully awake; avoid alcohol.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Any sleep-driving or activities you do not remember.
* '''Administration tips:''' Immediately at bedtime; full night of sleep available.

[[Category:Anxiolytics, Sedatives, and Hypnotics]]

Zoloft

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Sertraline]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zofran

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Ondansetron]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zepbound

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Tirzepatide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zarontin

2026-06-17T14:06:58Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Ethosuximide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Zanaflex

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Baclofen and tizanidine]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Xopenex

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Levalbuterol]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Xeljanz

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[JAK inhibitors]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Xanax

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Benzodiazepines]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Wellbutrin

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Bupropion]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Wegovy

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Semaglutide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Warfarin

2026-06-17T14:06:57Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Warfarin''' (brand name Coumadin) — Anticoagulant; Vitamin K antagonist (NTI).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Anticoagulant.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Vitamin K antagonist (NTI).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), reducing clot formation; full effect takes days.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Onset 24 to 72 hours; full effect 5 to 7 days; long duration.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Half-life 20 to 60 hours; monitored by INR (goal usually 2 to 3, or 2.5 to 3.5 for mechanical valves).

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism, mechanical heart valves, clot prevention.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' PO once daily, dosed to INR.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Individualized to INR; many diet and drug interactions; bridge with heparin when starting for acute clots.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Active bleeding, pregnancy (teratogenic), severe hepatic disease, recent or planned major surgery.
* '''Black box warning:''' Can cause major or fatal bleeding; regular INR monitoring is essential.
* '''Interactions:''' Numerous; antibiotics and amiodarone (raise INR), vitamin K-rich foods (green leafy vegetables lower INR, keep intake consistent), NSAIDs and antiplatelets (bleeding), alcohol, many herbals (ginkgo, garlic, ginseng, St. John's wort).
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Contraindicated in pregnancy.
* '''High-alert:''' Yes.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Bruising, minor bleeding.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Major bleeding, skin necrosis (early), purple toe syndrome.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Vitamin K (phytonadione); fresh frozen plasma or prothrombin complex concentrate for urgent reversal.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Baseline INR, bleeding risk, diet, interacting drugs, pregnancy status.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Monitor INR regularly; teach consistent vitamin K intake; review every new drug for interactions.
* '''Monitor:''' INR, signs of bleeding, hemoglobin.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' INR in range without bleeding.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Keep INR appointments; keep green vegetable intake steady (do not stop, just be consistent); use a soft toothbrush and electric razor; report bleeding; tell all providers.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Unusual bleeding or bruising, black or red stools, severe headache, blood in urine.
* '''Administration tips:''' Same time daily; consistent diet; frequent INR checks.

[[Category:Anticoagulants]]

Vyvanse

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[CNS stimulants (ADHD)]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Voriconazole

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Azole antifungals]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vivitrol

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Substance use disorder agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vitamins and supplements

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Vitamins and supplements''' (brand names B1, B12, B6, B3) — Vitamin and supplement; Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Vitamin and supplement.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins.

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Replace deficient vitamins essential to metabolism, bone, blood, and nerve function.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Correction over days to weeks.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Variable; monitor target labs (such as vitamin D level, B12, folate).

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Vitamin D deficiency and bone health, vitamin K for clotting and warfarin reversal, thiamine for deficiency and Wernicke encephalopathy and alcohol use, folic acid for deficiency and pregnancy and methotrexate adjunct, B12 for pernicious anemia, pyridoxine to prevent isoniazid neuropathy, vitamin C and niacin as indicated.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' Mostly PO; B12 IM for pernicious anemia; thiamine IV or IM in deficiency; phytonadione PO, SubQ, or slow IV.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) can accumulate and cause toxicity; avoid excess.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Hypersensitivity.
* '''Black box warning:''' None.
* '''Interactions:''' Vitamin K opposes warfarin (keep intake consistent), folic acid can mask B12 deficiency, niacin with statins (myopathy), pyridoxine reduces levodopa effect.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Folic acid recommended in pregnancy; others as needed.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Usually minimal; niacin causes flushing; oral iron-like GI upset with some.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Fat-soluble vitamin toxicity, anaphylaxis with IV phytonadione (give slowly), severe niacin flushing.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Not generally applicable.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Relevant levels, deficiency cause, diet, medication interactions.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Give thiamine before or with glucose in suspected deficiency (prevents Wernicke); give IV phytonadione slowly; pair pyridoxine with isoniazid.
* '''Monitor:''' Target vitamin levels and related labs, symptom resolution.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Corrected deficiency.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Take as directed; do not megadose fat-soluble vitamins; keep vitamin K intake steady if on warfarin; take niacin with food and expect flushing (aspirin pretreatment may help).
* '''Notify provider if:''' Signs of toxicity, severe flushing, no improvement.
* '''Administration tips:''' Thiamine before glucose in deficiency; IV phytonadione slow; consistent vitamin K with warfarin.

[[Category:Vitamins and Supplements]]

Vincristine

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Antimetabolite, anthracycline, taxane, and vinca agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vimpat

2026-06-17T14:06:56Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Lacosamide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Victoza

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Liraglutide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Viagra

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[PDE-5 inhibitors]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vesicare

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Overactive bladder agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Ventolin

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Albuterol]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Venlafaxine

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Duloxetine and venlafaxine]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Veltassa

2026-06-17T14:06:55Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Potassium binders]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vecuronium

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Neuromuscular blockers and reversal agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vasopressors and inotropes

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Vasopressors and inotropes''' (brand name Levophed) — Vasopressor and inotrope; Adrenergic agonists (most), vasopressin analog, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor (milrinone).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Vasopressor and inotrope.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Adrenergic agonists (most), vasopressin analog, phosphodiesterase-3 inhibitor (milrinone).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Increase blood pressure, cardiac output, or both by stimulating adrenergic receptors (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, dobutamine, phenylephrine), V1 receptors (vasopressin), or inhibiting phosphodiesterase (milrinone).
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Rapid IV onset; titrated by continuous infusion.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Very short; titrate to hemodynamic targets.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Shock and severe hypotension, cardiac arrest (epinephrine, vasopressin), low cardiac output (dobutamine, milrinone), anaphylaxis (epinephrine).
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' IV infusion titrated to mean arterial pressure or cardiac output; epinephrine IV push or IM in arrest and anaphylaxis.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Titrate to effect; central line preferred for potent vasopressors.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Use with caution; relative based on the clinical emergency.
* '''Black box warning:''' None.
* '''Interactions:''' MAO inhibitors and tricyclics (exaggerated pressor response), beta blockers (blunted response), other vasoactive drugs.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Used in emergencies as needed.
* '''High-alert:''' Yes.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypertension, anxiety; dobutamine and milrinone can cause hypotension.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Severe hypertension, arrhythmia, organ or limb ischemia, extravasation causing tissue necrosis.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Phentolamine injected locally for extravasation; supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Hemodynamics, IV access (central preferred), continuous monitoring readiness.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Use an infusion pump with continuous blood pressure and ECG monitoring; assess the IV site frequently for extravasation; titrate carefully; never stop abruptly.
* '''Monitor:''' Blood pressure, heart rate and rhythm, urine output, perfusion, IV site.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Restored perfusion and blood pressure.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Critical care setting; the team manages closely.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Not applicable (continuous monitoring); team responds to changes.
* '''Administration tips:''' Infusion pump and central access preferred; monitor the site for extravasation; high-alert double-check.

[[Category:Vasopressors and Inotropes]]

Vasopressin

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Vasopressors and inotropes]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Varenicline

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Substance use disorder agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vancomycin

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Vancomycin''' (brand name Vancocin) — Antibacterial; Glycopeptide.

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Antibacterial.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Glycopeptide.

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Inhibits cell wall synthesis (bactericidal); IV for systemic MRSA, oral for C. difficile (not absorbed).
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Rapid IV; dosed by level (trough or AUC).
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Half-life 4 to 6 hours (longer in renal impairment); trough goal often 10 to 20 mcg/mL by indication.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' MRSA and serious gram-positive infections (IV), C. difficile colitis (PO).
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' IV every 8 to 12 hours by level; PO four times daily for C. difficile.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Adjust by renal function and level; infuse slowly.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Hypersensitivity.
* '''Black box warning:''' None.
* '''Interactions:''' Other nephrotoxic and ototoxic drugs (aminoglycosides, loop diuretics), anesthetics (infusion reaction).
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Use if clearly needed.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Vancomycin flushing syndrome (formerly red man syndrome) with rapid infusion, phlebitis.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, severe infusion reaction, DRESS rash.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Stop or slow infusion and give antihistamine for flushing reaction; supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Renal function, level, IV site, infection source.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Infuse over at least 60 minutes (slower for larger doses) to prevent flushing; draw troughs before the dose.
* '''Monitor:''' Trough or AUC level, renal function, infusion reactions, infection resolution.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Resolution of infection.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Flushing during infusion can be reduced by slowing the rate; complete the course.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Rash or flushing during infusion, hearing changes, decreased urination.
* '''Administration tips:''' Slow IV infusion; oral form only for GI infection.

[[Category:Other Major Antibacterials]]

Vancocin

2026-06-17T14:06:54Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Vancomycin]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Valproate and Divalproex

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Valproate and Divalproex''' (brand name Depakote) — Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, migraine prophylaxis; Carboxylic acid derivative.

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Anticonvulsant, mood stabilizer, migraine prophylaxis.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Carboxylic acid derivative.

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Increases GABA and blocks sodium channels.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Effect over days; ER once daily.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Half-life 9 to 16 hours; therapeutic level 50 to 100 mcg/mL.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Seizures, bipolar mania, migraine prophylaxis.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' PO or IV, titrated by level; ER once daily.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Titrate to level; reduce in hepatic disease.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Hepatic disease, urea cycle disorders, mitochondrial disorders, pregnancy for migraine.
* '''Black box warning:''' Hepatotoxicity (especially in young children), teratogenicity (neural tube defects and reduced IQ), and life-threatening pancreatitis.
* '''Interactions:''' Raises lamotrigine and phenobarbital levels, warfarin, aspirin, carbapenems (lower valproate level), other antiepileptics.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Avoid in pregnancy when possible.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Nausea, sedation, weight gain, tremor, hair thinning.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Hepatotoxicity, pancreatitis, thrombocytopenia, hyperammonemia (confusion).
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' L-carnitine for hyperammonemia; supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' LFTs, CBC and platelets, ammonia if symptomatic, pregnancy status.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Monitor for bleeding and abdominal pain; check levels.
* '''Monitor:''' Drug level, LFTs, platelets, ammonia, seizure or mood control.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Seizure, mood, or migraine control.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Report abdominal pain, yellowing, easy bruising; reliable contraception.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Severe stomach pain, vomiting, jaundice, unusual bruising, confusion.
* '''Administration tips:''' With food; swallow ER whole; do not use carbonated drinks with the sprinkle form.

[[Category:Antiseizure Drugs]]

Valium

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Benzodiazepines]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Valerian

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Common supplements and herbals]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Valacyclovir

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Antivirals (non-HIV)]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Vaccines and immunoglobulins

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Vaccines and immunoglobulins''' (brand names COVID-19, Tdap, MMR, HPV, RSV, RhoGAM, IVIG) — Active immunization (vaccines) and passive immunization (immunoglobulins); Live attenuated and inactivated vaccines; immune globulins.

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Active immunization (vaccines) and passive immunization (immunoglobulins).
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Live attenuated and inactivated vaccines; immune globulins.

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Vaccines stimulate the immune system to build protective antibodies (active immunity); immunoglobulins provide ready-made antibodies (passive, immediate but temporary immunity).
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Vaccine immunity develops over weeks; immunoglobulin protection is immediate but short-lived.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Not applicable.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Prevention of vaccine-preventable diseases; Rho(D) immune globulin prevents Rh sensitization in Rh-negative mothers; IVIG for immune deficiencies and certain autoimmune conditions; tetanus immune globulin for high-risk wounds.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' Most vaccines IM or SubQ; RhoGAM IM (around 28 weeks and after delivery of an Rh-positive infant, and after any sensitizing event); IVIG IV.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Follow the immunization schedule; spacing rules for live vaccines.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Live vaccines (MMR, varicella, intranasal flu) in pregnancy and significant immunocompromise; severe allergy to a vaccine component.
* '''Black box warning:''' None typical.
* '''Interactions:''' Immunosuppressants and recent immunoglobulin or blood products can blunt live vaccine response (spacing required).
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Inactivated vaccines (flu, Tdap) recommended in pregnancy; live vaccines avoided.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Injection-site soreness, low-grade fever, fatigue, mild aches.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Anaphylaxis (rare), high fever, severe local reaction.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Epinephrine and supportive care for anaphylaxis.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Immunization history, allergies, pregnancy and immune status (live vaccines), Rh status (RhoGAM), informed consent and the vaccine information statement.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Verify the correct vaccine, route, and site; observe after administration for reactions; have epinephrine available; document on the immunization record.
* '''Monitor:''' Local and systemic reactions; observe for anaphylaxis after administration.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Protective immunity or prevention of sensitization.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Mild soreness and low fever are common; report severe reactions; keep the immunization record updated.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Difficulty breathing, hives, high fever, severe swelling.
* '''Administration tips:''' Correct route and site; live vaccines avoided in pregnancy and immunocompromise; RhoGAM for Rh-negative mothers.

[[Category:Immunizations and Immunoglobulins]]

Uterotonics

2026-06-17T14:06:53Z

Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Uterotonics''' (brand names Pitocin, Methergine, Hemabate, Cytotec) — Uterotonic; Posterior pituitary hormone (oxytocin), ergot alkaloid (methylergonovine), prostaglandins (carboprost, misoprostol).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Uterotonic.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Posterior pituitary hormone (oxytocin), ergot alkaloid (methylergonovine), prostaglandins (carboprost, misoprostol).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Stimulate uterine contraction to induce or augment labor and to control postpartum hemorrhage.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Oxytocin IV rapid; others by route.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Oxytocin short; no routine level.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Labor induction and augmentation (oxytocin), postpartum hemorrhage (all), cervical ripening (misoprostol).
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' Oxytocin IV infusion titrated; methylergonovine IM or PO; carboprost IM; misoprostol oral, vaginal, rectal, or sublingual.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Titrate oxytocin to contraction pattern with fetal monitoring.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Methylergonovine in hypertension or preeclampsia; carboprost in asthma; misoprostol in ongoing pregnancy when not intended.
* '''Black box warning:''' None standard for these (oxytocin labeling cautions against elective induction without medical indication).
* '''Interactions:''' Vasopressors with methylergonovine (severe hypertension).
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Used in labor and postpartum care.
* '''High-alert:''' Yes (oxytocin).

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Cramping, nausea; carboprost causes diarrhea and fever.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Uterine hyperstimulation and rupture, fetal distress, water intoxication (high-dose oxytocin), severe hypertension (methylergonovine), bronchospasm (carboprost).
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Stop the infusion (oxytocin); supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Contraction pattern, fetal status, blood pressure, asthma history (carboprost).
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Continuous fetal and contraction monitoring with oxytocin; stop oxytocin for hyperstimulation or fetal distress; check blood pressure before methylergonovine.
* '''Monitor:''' Contractions, fetal heart rate, blood pressure, bleeding, fluid status.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Effective labor progression or controlled bleeding.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Expect monitoring during oxytocin; report severe pain.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Not applicable (continuous monitoring); team manages.
* '''Administration tips:''' Oxytocin titrated with fetal monitoring; verify blood pressure before methylergonovine; high-alert.

[[Category:Uterotonics and Obstetric Agents]]

Ustekinumab

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Non-TNF biologic DMARDs]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Ursodiol

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

Upadacitinib

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[JAK inhibitors]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Umeclidinium

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

Tylenol

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#REDIRECT [[Acetaminophen]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Trulicity

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Dulaglutide]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Tropicamide

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

#REDIRECT [[Mydriatic, anti-infective, and other ophthalmic agents]]

[[Category:Pharmacology redirects]]

Triptans (sumatriptan, rizatriptan)

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Triptans (sumatriptan, rizatriptan)''' (brand names Imitrex, Maxalt) — Antimigraine; Serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonists (triptans).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Antimigraine.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Serotonin 5-HT1 receptor agonists (triptans).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Stimulate 5-HT1 receptors to constrict cranial vessels and reduce neurogenic inflammation.
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' SubQ sumatriptan onset about 10 minutes; oral 30 to 60 minutes.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Short; level not routine.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Acute migraine (not for prevention).
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' Sumatriptan PO, SubQ, or intranasal; rizatriptan PO or ODT; may repeat once after 2 hours.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Daily limits per product; limit days per month to avoid rebound headache.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Coronary artery disease, uncontrolled hypertension, prior stroke, hemiplegic or basilar migraine, recent ergot or other triptan, MAO inhibitor (some).
* '''Black box warning:''' None.
* '''Interactions:''' Ergot alkaloids and other triptans (vasospasm, separate by 24 hours), SSRIs and SNRIs (serotonin syndrome), MAO inhibitors.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Use only if clearly needed.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Flushing, tingling, chest or throat tightness, dizziness.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Chest pain (possible coronary vasospasm), serotonin syndrome, stroke symptoms.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Supportive care.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Cardiac risk, blood pressure, headache pattern.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Take at the first sign of migraine; assess chest symptoms.
* '''Monitor:''' Headache relief, cardiac symptoms, frequency of use.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Migraine relief.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Use early; do not exceed limits; report chest tightness.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Chest pain or pressure, weakness or speech changes, frequent migraines.
* '''Administration tips:''' ODT dissolves on tongue; SubQ for rapid relief.

[[Category:Dementia, Migraine, Myasthenia, and Other Neuro Agents]]

Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole

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Docmoates: NCLEX nursing pharmacology monographs — batch import

<div style="border-left:4px solid #3f6f5b;background:#f3f6f4;padding:8px 12px;margin-bottom:12px;font-size:0.95em;">
''Nursing pharmacology study reference (NCLEX-style monograph). Numeric values are standard teaching ranges for study and '''must be verified against current manufacturer labeling before clinical use'''. This is educational content, not prescribing guidance.''
</div>

'''Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole''' (brand name Bactrim) — Antibacterial; Sulfonamide combination (folate synthesis inhibitor).

== Identification ==
* '''Therapeutic class:''' Antibacterial.
* '''Pharmacologic class:''' Sulfonamide combination (folate synthesis inhibitor).

== Pharmacology ==
* '''Mechanism of action:''' Sequentially blocks folic acid synthesis (bactericidal in combination).
* '''Onset / peak / duration:''' Rapid; twice daily.
* '''Half-life / therapeutic level:''' Moderate; no routine level.

== Clinical use ==
* '''Indications:''' Urinary infections, MRSA skin infections, Pneumocystis pneumonia (treatment and prophylaxis), some respiratory and GI infections.
* '''Usual dose, route, frequency:''' PO twice daily; IV and suspension available; higher doses for Pneumocystis.
* '''Maximum dose / adjustments:''' Reduce in renal impairment; encourage fluids.

== Safety ==
* '''Contraindications:''' Sulfonamide hypersensitivity, megaloblastic anemia from folate deficiency, late pregnancy, infants under 2 months, severe hepatic or renal disease.
* '''Black box warning:''' None.
* '''Interactions:''' Warfarin (raises INR), ACE inhibitors and ARBs and potassium-sparing diuretics (hyperkalemia), methotrexate, sulfonylureas (hypoglycemia), phenytoin.
* '''Pregnancy / lactation:''' Avoid near term and while breastfeeding a young infant.
* '''High-alert:''' No.

== Adverse effects ==
* '''Common side effects:''' Nausea, rash, photosensitivity.
* '''Serious effects to report:''' Stevens-Johnson syndrome, blood dyscrasias, hyperkalemia, acute kidney injury, hypoglycemia.
* '''Antidote / reversal:''' Supportive care; leucovorin for marrow toxicity in some cases.

== Nursing process ==
* '''Assessment before administration:''' Sulfa allergy, renal function, potassium, CBC, hydration.
* '''Interventions during therapy:''' Encourage fluids; monitor potassium and warfarin effect; watch for rash.
* '''Monitor:''' Renal function, potassium, CBC, INR if on warfarin, infection resolution.
* '''Evaluation / expected outcome:''' Resolution of infection.

== Patient teaching ==
* '''Patient teaching:''' Drink plenty of fluids; use sun protection; report any rash immediately.
* '''Notify provider if:''' Rash, sore throat or fever, decreased urination, easy bruising.
* '''Administration tips:''' With a full glass of water; maintain hydration.

[[Category:Other Major Antibacterials]]